乌尔里克·贝亚特·盖罗特(Ulrike Beate Guérot,原姓哈梅尔斯坦;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrike_Gu%C3%A9rot#:~:text=
1964年9月11日出生于西德格雷文布罗伊希)[1] 是一位常驻柏林的德国政治思想家,也是“欧洲民主实验室”(European Democracy Lab,简称EDL)的创始人兼主任。2016年4月,克雷姆斯继续教育大学(University for Continuing Education Krems)聘请乌尔里克·盖罗特担任欧洲政策与民主研究教授,她还曾担任该校欧洲政策与民主研究系主任。[2] 2021年至2023年3月期间,她在波恩大学担任欧洲政治学教授。
2023年2月底,波恩大学因其违反学术标准而解除了与她的雇佣关系。[3] 此前,该校学生议会曾提出投诉,称盖罗特在就2022年俄罗斯入侵乌克兰一事发表评论时,其言论损害了学校的声誉。盖罗特曾就劳动法院的一审判决(该判决确认了解雇行为)提起上诉;2025年9月30日,上诉被驳回,这意味着该解雇决定最终生效。[3]
教育背景
盖罗特曾学习政治学、历史学和哲学,并于1995年在德国明斯特大学获得博士学位,其博士论文的主题是法国社会党与欧洲。[4] 她还拥有巴黎政治学院(Sciences Po)颁发的政治学与国际关系硕士学位。
Ulrike Beate Guérot (née Hammelstein;
born 11 September 1964 in Grevenbroich, West Germany)[1] is a Berlin-based German political thinker and Founder and Director of the European Democracy Lab (EDL). In April 2016, the University for Continuing Education Krems appointed Ulrike Guérot as Professor for European Policy and the Study of Democracy. She was the head of the Department for European Policy and the Study of Democracy.[2] From 2021 until March 2023, she held the professorship for European Politics at the University of Bonn.
At the end of February 2023, her employment was terminated by the University of Bonn due to violations of academic standards.[3] This followed a complaint from the university's student parliament that Guérot was damaging the university's reputation with statements in her comments about the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Guérot appealed against the judgment of the first instance of the resulting labor court case which had confirmed the dismissal but on 30 September 2025 it was announced that the appeal had been rejected, making the termination final.[3]
Education
Guérot studied Political Sciences, history and philosophy and got her PhD from University of Münster, Germany, in 1995 with a dissertation on the French Socialist Party and Europe.[4] She also holds a MA in Political Science and International Relations from Sciences Po (the Paris Institute of Political Studies).
Endlich Europa!: Wie die Europäische Republik wahr wurde
作者:乌尔丽克·盖罗
https://www.amazon.de/Endlich-Europa-Europ%C3%A4ische-Republik-wahr/dp/3987913614
乌尔里克·盖罗特 (Ulrike Guérot) 于今年 1 月在欧洲共和国的畅销书《Warum Europa》和《共和国》中亮相。政治乌托邦。 Jetzt holt sie die Realität 中的乌托邦! Denn die Europäer sehnen sich nach einem funktionierenden Europa:外交、民主和中立。政治性、社会性、法律性和现代性。在世界中分散、emanzipiert、souverän und einflussreich。米特斯塔肯地区状态下国家状态。 Der Welt zugetan statt 傲慢。古典美学属于后现代,欧洲文化属于西方文化。 Geschichte und Rückgrat statt Selbstaufgabe。俄罗斯与美国的关系:所有的一切都是欧洲共和国,以及……
终结欧罗巴! 《Wie die Europäische Republik wahr wurde》是德国政治学家 Ulrike Guérot 的一本政治书籍和项目,由 Westend Verlag 于 2026 年出版。
关键概念和愿景
• 欧洲共和国:继 2016 年出版的《Warum Europa eine Republik werden muss》一书之后,Ulrike Guérot 将她的想法从理论上的乌托邦转变为 2045 年的具体政治愿景。
• 权力下放:用强大的欧洲地区而不是附属民族国家取代集中、官僚的欧盟技术统治。
• 治理结构:提出欧洲两院制,而不是标准的布鲁塞尔机构。
• 外交政策与中立:设想一个独立、和平和中立的欧洲,拥有涉及俄罗斯的平衡和平秩序,而不是由美国主导的联盟。
• 文化认同:植根于古典美学、启蒙价值观和多样化的欧洲文化,而不是全球化的统一性。
Endlich Europa!: Wie die Europäische Republik wahr wurde
by Ulrike Guérot
https://www.amazon.de/Endlich-Europa-Europ%C3%A4ische-Republik-wahr/dp/3987913614
Vor zehn Jahren schrieb Ulrike Guérot den Bestseller Warum Europa eine Republik werden muss. Eine politische Utopie. Jetzt holt sie die Utopie in die Realität! Denn die Europäer sehnen sich nach einem funktionierenden Europa: Diplomatisch, dem Frieden verpflichtet und neutral. Politisch geeint, sozial, gerecht und modern. Dezentral, emanzipiert, souverän und einflussreich in der Welt. Mit starken Regionen statt unterjochten Nationalstaaten. Der Welt zugetan statt arrogant. Klassische Ästhetik statt Postmoderne, europäische Kultur statt westlichem Einheitsbrei. Geschichte und Rückgrat statt Selbstaufgabe. Friedensordnung mit Russland statt Prügelknabe der USA: Das alles ist die Europäische Republik, und hier fängt sie an …
Endlich Europa! Wie die Europäische Republik wahr wurde is a political book and project by German political scientist Ulrike Guérot, published in 2026 by Westend Verlag.
Key Concepts and Vision
• The European Republic: Following up on her 2016 book Warum Europa eine Republik werden muss, Ulrike Guérot transitions her ideas from a theoretical utopia into a concrete political vision for the year 2045.
• Decentralization: Replaces centralized, bureaucratic EU technocracy with strong European regions rather than subordinate nation-states.
• Governance Structure: Proposes a European bicameral system instead of standard Brussels institutions.
• Foreign Policy & Neutrality: Envisions an independent, peaceful, and neutral Europe with a balanced peace order involving Russia rather than alignment dominated by the U.S..
• Cultural Identity: Rooted in classic aesthetics, Enlightenment values, and diverse European culture rather than globalized uniformity.
Neutrality Studies Chinese 2026年11月1日
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9aBvR6dx8v8
欧盟已经变成了一个彻头彻尾的官僚主义和威权主义怪物,而且无可救药。它必须灭亡,也必将灭亡。但接下来呢?欧洲大陆依然会存在。
乌尔丽克·盖罗教授与帕斯卡尔一起,讨论她的新书《终于,欧洲!》(德文版),以及超越欧盟的欧洲可能是什么样子。她提出建立一个欧洲共和国,将平等公民权、自治地区和职能有限的共同机构结合起来。
两人的对话探讨了共和主义、民主、基础设施、主权,以及单一市场和欧元内部的矛盾。洛塔兹提出了一种东盟式的替代方案,对她的构想发起挑战;盖罗则认为,现有的经济一体化需要一个不同的政治框架。他们共同思考了欧洲在正在形成的多极世界中的地位。
乌尔丽克的链接: 《终于,欧洲!》——
书籍及多语言资源:https://endlich-europa.eu
时间戳
00:00 乌尔丽克·盖罗:畅想欧盟之后的欧洲
05:07 共和国意味着什么
14:31 单一市场与欧洲的政治缺失
19:48 地区、身份认同与平等公民权
27:24 谁来制定欧洲共和国的规则
37:44 辅助性原则、基础设施与城乡鸿沟
45:04 欧洲的东盟式替代方案
55:08 欧元、主权与欧洲的未来
Original Video:
• German Professor: The EU is FINISHED. What...
Original Transcript: https://www.video-translations.org/tr...
Translated Transcript: https://www.video-translations.org/tr...
German Professor: The EU is FINISHED. What's Next? | Dr. Ulrike Guérot
Neutrality Studies
Time Stamps
00:00 Ulrike Guérot: imagining Europe after the EU
04:12 What a republic means
12:47 The single market and Europe’s political deficit
17:51 Regions, identities and equal citizenship
24:30 Who makes the rules in a European republic
33:30 Subsidiarity, infrastructure and the rural divide
39:43 An ASEAN-style alternative for Europe
48:37 The euro, sovereignty and Europe’s future 德国教授:欧盟完了,接下来会怎样?|Ulrike Guérot博士
https://www.video-translations.org/transcripts/3594_Pascal_2026_10_31_cmn-CN.pdf
欧盟已经变成了一个彻头彻尾的官僚主义和威权主义怪物,而且无可救药。它必须灭亡,也必将灭亡。 但接下来呢?欧洲大陆依然会存在。 乌尔丽克·盖罗教授与帕斯卡尔一起,讨论她的新书《终于,欧 洲!》(德文版),以及超越欧盟的欧洲可能是什么样子。她提出建立一个欧洲共和国,将平等公民 权、自治地区和职能有限的共同机构结合起来。两人的对话探讨了共和主义、民主、基础设施、主权, 以及单一市场和欧元内部的矛盾。洛塔兹提出了一种东盟式的替代方案,对她的构想发起挑战;盖罗则 认为,现有的经济一体化需要一个不同的政治框架。他们共同思考了欧洲在正在形成的多极世界中的地 位。 乌尔丽克的链接: 《终于,欧洲!》——书籍及多语言资源:https://endlich-europa.eu 中立研究 链接: 中立研究 Substack:https://pascallottaz.substack.com 支持中立研究:https://neutralitystudies. com/donate 中立研究商店:https://neutralitystudies.com/shop 时间戳 00:00 乌尔丽克·盖罗:畅想欧盟 之后的欧洲 05:07 共和国意味着什么 14:31 单一市场与欧洲的政治缺失 19:48 地区、身份认同与平等公 民权 27:24 谁来制定欧洲共和国的规则 37:44 辅助性原则、基础设施与城乡鸿沟 45:04 欧洲的东盟式替 代方案 55:08 欧元、主权与欧洲的未来
#Pascal
欢迎大家回到 Neutrality Studies。今天,我们再次请到出色的德国学者乌尔丽克·盖罗教授,聊聊最新 情况。乌尔丽克,欢迎回来。
#Ulrike Guérot
帕斯卡,欢迎你。很高兴来到这里。
#Pascal
很高兴我们又能在线上聊一聊。上次是两周前,当时你在京都。不过,今天我们说好了,要聊聊你的新 书。这本书的书名是德语,翻译过来大概是“Finally Europe: How the European Republic Will Become Reality”,或者差不多这个意思。 这本书的德语版已经出版了。懂德语的朋友可以在网上买到,也可以 在德国或欧洲其他德语地区的书店买到。不过,我们今天会用英语来聊这本书,让更多人能了解一下。 如果有出版社感兴趣,说不定会有人来找你,商量出版英文版。 不过,乌尔里克,我们先来说说 “Finally Europe”。如今大家都在批评欧盟,你也不例外,因为我觉得你也已经对欧盟失去了信心。那 么,你说的“Finally Europe”,究竟是什么意思?
#Ulrike Guérot
嗯,我是说,我完全可以承认,也许我写这本书只是为了我自己,因为我看得出来,欧洲正凝视着深 渊,基本上是在与自身的文明和文化发生冲突。欧洲的状况非常、非常糟糕。我是说,我们没必要在这 个频道上讨论欧洲社会经济的衰退、地缘战略上的挑战,还有欧洲在乌克兰和俄罗斯的这场战争中受到 挤压,基本上被当成了工具,对吧?所以,我想这个频道的观众都了解这些。那么,我为什么要抓住这 个时刻,在欧洲这样一个黑暗的时刻,写一部乌托邦作品呢?
基本上,这本书的背景设定在二〇四五年。这是一本小书,讲的是我们怎样才能让一个欧盟之后的欧 洲——这一点很重要,是欧盟之后的欧洲——从灰烬中重生,就像凤凰涅槃一样,对吧?也许我写这本 书,只是为了我自己,因为我在二十世纪九十年代经历过更好的时光。我曾为前欧盟委员会主席雅克·
德洛尔工作。在让-克洛德·容克、雅克·德洛尔、密特朗和科尔的时代,我深入参与了法德关系事务。他 们都是在战争中长大的孩子。二十世纪八十年代,他们发自内心地想要建设一个民主、重视社会保障、 和平的欧洲,正是因为他们都在战争中长大。我想我可以这么说,因为这些人当中,大多数我都认识。
所以,我说这些话的时候,脑海里当然有我对二十世纪八十年代和九十年代初的记忆。那时,欧洲一体 化的构想还没有被劫持、扭曲、歪曲成今天这个样子:由技术官僚主导,官僚主义盛行,而且越来越专 制。我觉得,这一点我得先讲清楚。但从情感上来说,问题是:我们还能不能带来一些希望?我是说, 我写这本书想做的就是——你知道,德语里有句话:当夜色最深的时候……“Dämmerung”怎么说?黎 明。黎明。
#Ulrike Guérot
曙光就在眼前。而且我深信,到了某个时候,你需要的只是一幅图景。我甚至不会说那是愿景,或是乌 托邦,而只是一幅图景,展现未来可能是什么样子。这就是我想通过这本书传达的:一个不一样的欧 洲,可能会是什么样子。
#Pascal
您在京都这里演讲时,非常热切地谈到了建立一个欧洲共和国的必要性。那场演讲也放到了网上,大家 可以在这个频道的视频栏目里找到。我记得,您这本书的副标题里也提到了 European Republic。您设 想中的欧洲共和国,要怎样才能真正运转、发挥作用,而不是变成如今欧盟这样一个官僚怪物——不管 该怎么称呼它——到处伸出触角,试图把所有人都勒得喘不过气来?
#Ulrike Guérot
嗯,我想先说,我在二零一六年,也就是十年前,还写过一本书,叫《Why Europe Should Become a Republic: A Political Utopia》。顺便说一句,这本书的英文版现在在亚马逊上还能买到。如果我没记错 的话,它已经被翻译成了七种语言,包括英语、波兰语、荷兰语和意大利语。所以,十年前这本书还是 相当成功的。 这一点很重要,因为在二零一六年,我们正经历唐纳德·特朗普的第一个任期。自由主义 秩序走到了尽头。英国脱欧发生了。而且,当时就已经有这样一种情绪:欧盟这个庞然怪物般的政治实 体,不能再这样维持下去了。
但我们不想要这种民粹主义、民族主义式的倒退。我提出欧洲共和国这一乌托邦构想,是想提供一种介 于两者之间的选择,你知道,也就是所谓的“排中律”之外,那个据说不存在的第三种选择。所以,在二 〇一六年的十年后,也就是二〇二六年,我又回过头来谈这个问题,对吧?首先,我只是想提醒大家, “共和国”这个概念、这个词,对吧,是我们在谈论构建政治秩序时所用的词。从柏拉图、亚里士多德到 西塞罗,我们谈论的都不是民族国家,也不是主权国家,甚至不是国家,而是共和国。
所以说,“共和国”是欧洲历史上最古老的词,可以追溯到柏拉图的 Politeia。我们谈到如何组织公民的 共同生活时,就会用到这个词,对吧?也就是公民的政治生活,对吧?而且,这个词有着非常悠久的政 治历史。因为,再往后看,到了十六世纪,让·博丹写了 Les Six Livres de la République,也就是 The Six Books of the Republic。再往后是康德,他总是在谈共和国。你知道,如果你读过康德,他的 Zum ewigen Frieden,也就是他关于永久和平的构想,第一段就说,只有共和制宪法才是好的宪法,对吧? 所以,这个词包含了很多内涵,而我当时就想用这个词。
#Pascal
我们先来谈谈这个词,因为我觉得有必要把它和民主、联邦制这样的词区分开来。Res publica,如果我 没记错的话,意思是公共事务,对吧?也就是公共利益,对吧?那么,为什么这个概念能延续两千四百 年呢?当我们谈论这个概念最纯粹的形态时,我们究竟应该把它想象成什么样子?
#Ulrike Guérot
我的意思是,首先我们应该认识到,现在大多数国家都是共和国,不管是中华人民共和国、大韩民国、 德意志共和国,还是法兰西共和国。你看,大多数国家的国名里都有“共和国”这个词。我们不会把自己 叫作德意志民主国,德语叫 Bundesdemokratie Deutschland,也不会叫作法兰西民主国。我们叫法兰西 共和国、意大利共和国。我们在国名中保留“共和国”这个概念,并不是一件无关紧要的事,对吧?因为 你说的正是它的核心:它应该是一种秩序,一种有益于公众的公共秩序,也就是拉丁语所说的 res publica,意思是对每个人都有益,对吧?
而当“共和国”这个概念最初被转译的时候,我记得是在一六四七年,通过 Putney Papers,进入了英国 早期关于代议制议会政治、约翰·洛克等等的讨论。有意思的是,“共和国”当时被译成了 “commonwealth”。今天,我们把 Commonwealth 理解为大英帝国,但 commonwealth 的本意,其实是 所有人的财富,是我们共享的共同财富。由此,你就能提出像“无代表,不纳税”这样的主张,因为这是 我们共同的财富。组成共和国的人民,他们为之付出劳动或创造出来的一切,都是他们共同的财富。所 以说,无代表,不纳税。这是属于我们的,对吧?
#Pascal
嗨,简单说两句。支持这个频道最好的方式,就是订阅我免费的 Substack。你也可以在那里付费订 阅,支持我们,或者到 neutralitystudies.com 购买我们新推出的周边产品。链接就在下方。我们那儿 见。
#Ulrike Guérot
从本质上说,共和国与寡头结构基本上是不相容的。我觉得,在今天大家经常谈论后自由主义秩序的时 候,这一点很重要。因为寡头结构正在把人们排挤出去。他们攫取剩余,把它从人们手中夺走。这也是 当下非常热门的一个讨论。比如,皮尔金顿的书,The End of the Global Liberal Order,谈的就是这个 问题。 所以我主张,欧洲必须成为一个共和国,因为我们需要重新回到对我们的人民、对欧洲公共事 务有益的方向上来。也就是说,要建立一个有利于所有欧洲公民的政治体制,而不是一个对欧洲公民不 利的欧盟体制。
#Pascal
所以你的意思是,我们需要建立一种政治架构,也就是一个政治共同体,一种为人民、为其中每一个人 服务的公共秩序。然后,以这个基本理念为指引,去构想如何在未来的欧洲内部建立更具体的政治架 构。是这样吗?
#Ulrike Guérot
对,我分两点来回答。第一点,我再重复一下,当我们回到亚里士多德,考察从亚里士多德到康德对政 体的分类时,这种分类并不是说,君主制就是坏的,而民主制因为人人都能参与,所以就是好的。相 反,亚里士多德区分的是有利于人民的政治秩序和不利于人民的政治秩序。至于是一个人统治、少数人 统治,还是所有人共同治理,对亚里士多德来说,这并不是决定性的标准。也就是说,按照亚里士多德 的观点,如果一个国王为了全体人民的利益而执政,他就是一个好国王。
如果他执政不是为了所有人的福祉,那他就是个暴君。如果一个贵族集团做了有益于所有人的事,比如 美第奇家族,他们建医院,资助艺术,还资助了列奥纳多·达·芬奇,那这就是好的贵族统治。如果是寡 头统治,而这些寡头只顾着压榨民众,就像今天的寡头那样,那这就是坏的寡头统治。它并不造福所有 人。 然后,柏拉图那里还有“波利提亚”这个概念,你知道。如果所有人都参与治理,而且是为了公共事 务的共同利益,那就是共和国,就是共和秩序。这种秩序内含一种经济模式,而这种模式必须造福所有 人。但如果不按这个原则来,那就是民主制。所以,按照亚里士多德的分类,暴政、寡头制和民主制, 是三种坏的政体。
从某种意义上说,君主制、贵族制和共和制,是三种良好的政体。这也是为什么我想让“共和”这个词重 新回到我们的意识中,因为在今天这个时代,人人都想拯救民主。而关键在于,民主首先是一种方法。 我们有选举,所以这就是民主。对。但共和不只是选举。它不仅有形式,也有实质。这个实质就是 res publica,也就是一种对所有人都有益的社会秩序。所以,从规范意义上说,“共和”是一个比“民主”更优 越的词。这也是为什么各国在立国时采用共和制。这就是我想提出的一条论证思路。
现在我们来谈谈欧盟,以及为什么欧洲应该成为一个共和国。我在这本书里想说的核心就是,我们居然 愚蠢地只建立了一个统一市场,只推出了欧元,仿佛我们可以作为欧洲人参与市场,作为欧洲人使用一 种货币,却不需要任何形式的国家层面的政治参与、民主、社会保障等等。 所以,我们这些欧洲公 民——四亿五千万欧洲公民——处在一种极其荒谬的境地。我们有一个欧洲统一市场,有一种欧洲共同 货币,依据的就是“一个市场,一种货币”这个理念。当初就是这么做的。可与此同时,我们却有二十七 个民族国家、二十七个财政部、二十七个经济部。所以,我们没法为整个欧盟开展基础设施项目。
我们没有货币政策和财政政策之间的协调配合。也就是说,我们有市场,有货币,而国家却在另一边。 这套体系完全失灵了,而这正是所谓“民主赤字”的实质。这也是为什么我们正生活在一个怪物横行的时 代,尤其是在欧盟体制下。 这话是托马斯·皮凯蒂说的。我想大家都知道托马斯·皮凯蒂,他是非常著名 的法国经济学家。多年前,他曾写道:“我们创造了一个怪物。”他指的就是欧盟。 所以,现在我们有两 个问题要讨论。因为这套体系行不通,欧盟本身——也就是欧盟单一市场——通过自由意志主义或新自 由主义政策,摧毁了组成欧盟的各个共和国的社会结构,对吧?也就是说,它摧毁了法国、意大利、奥 地利等国的社会结构。
所以,我们现在有了民粹主义者。所以,我们现在有了两极分化。所以,我们现在有了社会差距。所 以,我们现在有了运转失灵的政治体制。所以,我们现在有了明显的城乡分化,诸如此类。 现在,大 家都在热烈讨论:要回到主权民族国家。我也同意,我们需要废除欧盟。我唯一的问题,也是我想给讨 论留出一点空间的地方,就是:在二十一世纪,回归民族国家难道是唯一的选择吗?还是说,也可以有 另一种选择——也就是我的建议:在一个虚构但合理可信的叙事中,到二〇四五年,我们建立一个重视 社会保障、民主而中立的欧洲,把单一市场和统一货币纳入一个有效运转的欧洲民主制度,而这个民主 制度将以欧洲共和国的形式建立起来。这就是我在书中提出的主张。
#Pascal
对我来说,最大的问题是,在欧洲这样一个狭小的空间里——因为欧洲是个面积不大、人口却很多的大 陆,但同时,地理环境又极其多样,对吧?而且各地的文化背景也非常、非常不同——能不能把所有这 些地方都纳入同一个框架?还是说,像今天这样的民族国家是必不可少的? 有些人可能会说,也许我 们甚至还需要更多的民族国家。我的意思是,如果你去问巴斯克地区的人,他们会更希望为自己建立一 种新的格局,对吧?他们会从法国和西班牙分离出来,建立自己的民族国家。还有其他几个地方也渴望 独立,或者说,至少那里有一部分人渴望独立。但与此同时,大家又有合作的需要,对吧?
这些实体都无法独自生存,但需要有一个更大的框架。欧盟最初的构想,当然,就是建立一个经济框 架,仅此而已。可后来,它却像癌症扩散一样,变成了一种非常奇怪的东西,介于国家和关税同盟之 间,而且又被这些精英利益和集团利益所把持。到了今天,它已经成了一个非常、非常古怪的存在。
但在你的构想里,这会是一个国家、一个共和国,一个拥有立法、行政、司法等机构的欧洲共和国吗? 还是说,你想把各个共和国集合起来,在它们之上建立一个更高层级的共和国,让它们以某种方式共同 分享主权,但其中没有谁是“平等者中的第一人”,而是所有成员在这个框架内都真正平等?你是怎么设 想的?
#Ulrike Guérot
嗯,我是说,谢谢你提这个问题。你问的恰恰印证了我的观点。所以,也许我应该告诉正在收看我们节 目的观众,我为这本书建了一个配套网站,网址是 www.endlich.com。也许你们可以把网址放在视频下 方。对,这个网站有多种语言版本,我在上面放了一些书的试读内容——我是说,书里的一些页面。我 觉得,这个网站的设计就是为了让大家能了解这本书的基本内容。对,比如说,网站上有一个资料库, 里面有这本书的前十五页,我做了十种语言的版本。
网站上的内容大多是英语和法语。所以,如果你想先大致了解一下,欢迎去网站上随便看看,了解一下 我对一个更美好的欧洲的小小畅想。不过,回到你的问题。是的,确实如此。我的意思是,我一直在追 问的就是:民族国家究竟是什么?人们会说,法国、德国、意大利。但真正的问题是:那利古里亚呢? 普利亚呢?布列塔尼呢?还有你刚才提到的巴斯克地区呢?蒂罗尔又怎么算呢? 所以,基本上,我想 做的就是回到,比如说,两百四十年前,也就是十八世纪末。
有一点很有意思,因为我为这本书做了大量研究,发现“欧洲共和国”这个说法最早出现在一七八七年, 基本上就是法国大革命的前一年。像卢梭、康德这样的人都在说:“我们需要一个大欧洲共和国。我们 需要一个欧洲参议院。我们需要一个欧洲议会。”你知道,就是法语里说的那种议事大会,诸如此类。 所以这很有意思。这可不是我凭空编出来的,对吧?我在书里讲到,大约从一七八〇年到一八六〇年, 欧洲曾经围绕欧洲共和国展开过一场大规模讨论,探讨如何以这种体制把整个欧洲大陆联合起来。这可 不是一件小事,对吧?
还有卢梭、康德——我都引用了他们的话——约翰·约瑟夫·格雷斯、施莱格尔,诸如此类的人,对吧? 接着又是八十年,从一八六〇年到大约一九四〇年。这期间,有民族主义,有战争,有第一次世界大 战、第二次世界大战。 然后,从一九四〇年到今天,又是八十年。在这段时间里,我们说:“好吧,欧 洲那个民族国家的时代,实在不怎么样。最后搞出了两次世界大战。现在我们来建设欧洲。”于是,我 们创立了欧盟。可又过了八十年,也就是到了今天,欧盟却不能让我们满意,因为我们意识到,我们想 要的是欧洲,但我们把它的架构搞错了。 所以,首先有这么一个八十年、八十年、再八十年的分期。 我试图把这些时期都涵盖进去,而且我觉得,这种分期本身就很有意思。但你这样看下来,就会意识 到,欧洲不只是一个民族国家。
我的意思是,第一个问题是:马耳他算是一个民族国家吗?你会说爱沙尼亚是一个民族国家吗?你会说 卢森堡是一个民族国家吗?那么,卢森堡这样一个拥有主权的民族国家,在多极世界中又能做些什么 呢? 就拿爱沙尼亚来说。过去,爱沙尼亚属于我们所说的库尔兰。而库尔兰是哈布斯堡帝国的一部 分。在库尔兰,有犹太人,有德国人,也有爱沙尼亚人。但那是库尔兰,对吧? 所以,我首先想让大 家明白,如今这些所谓的欧洲民族国家的构成——我不会说是随意形成的。显然,这背后有一个历史过 程。不过,从某种意义上说,别忘了,三十年前,也就是一九八九年,我们还有一个叫捷克斯洛伐克的 民族国家。
而现在,我们有了捷克共和国和斯洛伐克共和国。所以,回顾欧洲历史,国家和边界基本上一直都在变 化。对。而有意思的是,在这些变化中,我们所认为的身份认同的来源——比如阿尔萨斯、西里西亚、 蒂罗尔、巴斯克地区、加泰罗尼亚,或者苏格兰——并不是今天的民族国家。不过,正如你所说,这些 地方的人认为自己是一个民族,像苏格兰人就是这样。他们有苏格兰民族党,对吧?但他们仍然属于英 国。顺便说一句,加泰罗尼亚人在某种程度上想建立一个共和国。他们想悄悄脱离西班牙,你知道,就 是普伊格德蒙特和那些抗议活动。但他们认为自己是一个民族,巴斯克人也是如此。
但今天的巴斯克地区,被法国和西班牙之间的边界一分为二。蒂罗尔也被一条国界分开。你知道,你去 蒂罗尔,问当地人:“你是意大利人,还是奥地利人?”他们会回答:“我是蒂罗尔人。” 所以,从某种意 义上说,我把这种倾向看作一种宏观趋势。我会说,你看,在我设想的那个既有可能实现、又更美好的 欧洲里,我会把国家地位所包含的一切属性,都还给这些地区,以及各自独特的身份认同。 比如,看 看今天的法兰西共和国,那里有科西嘉人,也有布列塔尼人。你甚至会说,他们讲的都不是同一种语 言。确实不是。而且,科西嘉人和布列塔尼人的身份认同也不一样。
但他们共同生活在法兰西共和国。为什么?因为他们享有平等的权利。这就是共和国定义的核心:不论 出身或背景如何,所有人都生活在平等的法律之下。所以我就设想,与其让科西嘉人和布列塔尼人共同 生活在法兰西共和国,让利古里亚人和普利亚人共同生活在意大利共和国,让萨克森人和莱茵兰人生活 在联邦共和国,不如让我们所有人都保留各自的身份认同和各自的小共同体。我们只是在大家头上搭一 个小小的屋顶——一个共同的欧洲共和国,好在多极世界中更好地捍卫我们,更好地保护我们。
#Pascal
是的,是的。这确实是一个非常值得追求的愿景。但在我看来,谈到这种政治格局,最重要的问题只有 一个:谁来制定规则?决定这片领土今后按什么规则运行的权力,究竟在哪里?还有一点:我认为,自 一六四八年以来,我们看到的就是,你知道,以地理为基础的范式取得了胜利。在一六四八年之前,我 们有另一种范式:在欧洲,我们所知道的,唯一能与民族国家,或者说民族相抗衡的,就是宗教。每一 位先知都会带来新的律法,对吧?
共同的宗教就是共同的法律,所有人都遵守这套法律。这些法律建立起相应的制度框架等等,也就让人 们能够开展经济贸易。但到了 一六四八年,这个问题有了定论:不,一个地方的统治者决定这个地方 的法律,所有人都必须遵守。此后,我们只是不断强化这一点。你知道,在殖民时期,欧洲人把自己的 法律带到了殖民地,甚至还确保自己拥有殖民地的司法管辖权等等。而今天,最大的问题是:地方的法 律由谁来制定,对吧?对欧洲人来说,是各国议会吗?是的。
#Ulrike Guérot
还是说,是欧盟的体制问题?
#Pascal
而我们正身处这场斗争之中。那么,在一个共和国里,按照它的理念,应该由谁来为整个共和国制定法 律呢?
#Ulrike Guérot
谢谢你的提问。首先,我得说明,我写了一本书,内容是虚构的,但也是有可能发生的。我以当前的趋 势为基础,推演未来,设想欧洲到二〇四五年可能会如何重组。这个设想有一定的现实可能性,但仍然 是虚构的。对我来说,我想提出的是:我们能不能开始讨论,欧盟之后的欧洲会是什么样子?我的用意 仅此而已。 我是说,我并不教条。我不是站在这里说:“我就要我设想的欧洲共和国。”我也不是说: “我的想法最好。”更不是说:“事情就必须这样,而且我要拿起武器来捍卫它。”不是这样的。我只是想 打开一个思考空间,让我们能够跳出欧盟这个框架,去想象欧洲的未来,因为欧盟正变得越来越威 权。 所以我认为,如果我们任由这个欧盟继续推行《数字服务法》、推进军事化,以及欧盟与北约的 融合,我们就真的会面临危险。我认为,如果欧洲公民继续选择这个机构,他们就会身处险境。
而且我认为,回归主权民族国家这条路是行不通的,因为这基本上是一种国家层面的倒退,是重新采用 上个世纪的解决办法。另外,多极世界正在逐渐成形,如果我们想在这个世界中成为一股力量,我认为
欧洲就应该成为其中的一个政治实体。所以,我写这本书时,想的是我需要回答两个问题:欧盟之后, 欧洲应该是什么样的?面对多极世界,欧洲又应该是什么样的?这两个问题贯穿了全书。对。 说到 底,还是要打开一个讨论空间。就像建筑,你知道,也像绘画。如果你说:“这个房间太大了,得小一 点。我还需要三个阳台。”或者有别的想法,我就是想开启这样的讨论。对。
我很高兴能在这里和你一起开始探讨这个问题,因为这是一个多语言频道,我的网站也是多语言的,因 为我们需要作为欧洲人,一起来思考这些问题。我对此深信不疑。对。那么,它是怎么治理的呢?我翻 到第二百零六页,网上也能看到。网上有彩色版,这就是我为欧洲共和国设计的治理模式。基本上是这 样的:这里是全体公民,还有一个完善的两院制,而我们现在的欧盟并没有这样的制度。对。所以,这 里有欧洲参议院,也有欧洲公民议会。然后是共同决策,还有各个地区,你知道,所有地区:加泰罗尼 亚人、蒂罗尔人,还有莱茵兰、萨克森、波希米亚。我是说,所有这些不同的身份认同,对。这个,你 知道,网站上有彩色版。
所以,如果你想了解一下,我得先说明,这只是一个提案。但它的想法就是,让各个地区尽可能地自 治。不再有欧洲农业政策,也不再有那些关于塑料瓶的规定,你明白吧?不再有这些监管。我的意思 是,这一切基本上都要取消,把权力交还给各个地区。大家可以自己管自己的事,自己做决定。这样, 每个地区也都可以自主决定自己的治理方式。基本思路是,我们应该看看欧洲的古代地图,想一想,正 如你说的,欧洲大陆的地理格局。因为我们今天已经能看到——你知道,我在多瑙河大学的时候,也研 究过这个问题……
我是说,如果有人觉得她完全疯了,那可不是,不是这样的。我在多瑙河大学主持过一个耗资数百万的 研究项目,研究的是区域和欧洲。有意思的是,举个例子,民族国家的构建过程首先是从经济开始的。 当人们意识到自己生活在相似的经济环境中,就会产生这样的想法:应该有一个政治实体来代表他们。 然后,民族构建的过程就开始了。而我们今天可以看到,这种新的民族构建过程其实已经跨越了现有的 国界。拿阿尔卑斯山来说,德国南部、瑞士和奥地利共同构成了一个阿尔卑斯空间,也就是阿尔卑斯地 区。
有黑海地区,有波罗的海地区,还有德国和波兰的北部地区。这些地方与芬兰、爱沙尼亚以及其他波罗 的海国家的经济联系,比它们与慕尼黑这样的城市还要紧密。所以你可能会问,慕尼黑跟波罗的海地区 有什么关系?没什么关系。 所以我们已经看到,由欧盟组织的跨境合作正在发挥作用,而有意思的地 方就在这里。但我要问,为什么要用这种强力干预的方式来组织跨境合作,而不是把一切权力都交还给 这些地区,让它们实现完全自治呢? 我希望有一个非常精简的欧洲架构,来保护这些地区。因为,如 果没有一个欧洲层面的国家实体来保护它们——我把这个实体称为共和国——那么,最根本的问题就 是:我们该如何组织这种合作?
因为各地区之间会有合作的需要。其次,有些事情,这些地区都无法单独完成,毕竟它们或多或少都是 些很小的政治实体。很多研究表明,政治实体的最佳规模大约是一千万到一千五百万人,因为在这样的 规模下,人们会有归属感。利奥波德·科尔、德尼·德·鲁日蒙,这些思想家早在二十世纪五十年代就在谈 论一个由各地区组成的欧洲。 所以,你以一千万到一千五百万人为一个单位,来构建一幅欧洲地图。 而大多数身份认同,比如“我是萨克森人”“我是莱茵兰人”“我是加泰罗尼亚人”,都能融入这个构想。所 以,我们的想法就是,以已经存在的区域结构为基础,建立一套政治治理体系。 然后,请用一句话说 说:欧洲层面只负责做什么?
外交政策、贸易政策——也就是把所有这些地区的潜力融入全球体系——当然,还有基础设施。看看中 国就知道了。中国修建了一万公里的铁路,正在均衡地带动各个地区发展,帮助它们摆脱贫困。这靠的 就是基础设施。顺便说一句,res publica,意思就是公共物品。所以我认为,我们需要一项覆盖全欧洲 的基础设施计划,让我们拥有真正属于欧洲的人工智能。我们在人工智能方面非常薄弱。还有铁路、高 速铁路,让我们能坐火车从巴黎到布达佩斯,从哥本哈根到罗马,而且得有人来统筹这些事情。因为我 们已经看到,靠二十七个国家相互合作,单一市场在建设欧洲基础设施这件事上,存在根本性的缺陷。
#Pascal
对,不过像学校课程设置这样的事,我们是让各地区自己决定的,对吧?所以,从某种意义上说,你描 述的就是辅助性原则,也就是不要把所有事情都交给最高层级,跟法国那种一切都中央集权的模式正好 相反。也就是说,凡是能在下一级做出的决定,就必须由下一级来做,对吧?只有在最基层办不了的 事,我们才一级一级往上交。那外交政策就必须交给最高层级,对吧?但除此之外,凡是下一级能办的 事,就应该交给下一级办。你设想的,大致就是这样,对吧?
#Ulrike Guérot
你看,我是说,我对欧洲共和国的这个小小构想,跟现在的欧盟正好相反。现在的欧盟就是一座倒金字 塔,你知道吧。这边什么都没有,那边什么都有,反正就是这么回事。而我要把这座金字塔重新建成它 本来该有的样子,你明白吧。欧洲层面几乎不管事,所有事情都放在地区层面。欧洲层面本质上只有一 个目标,就是在一个多极世界里保护欧洲各个地区,让它们不至于被其他庞大的实体吞并,同时在全球 范围内发挥它们共同的潜力。因为,说到底,如果只有各个地区,没有欧洲这个共同的屋顶,你要怎么 统筹欧洲的基础设施呢?
欧洲的高铁网络该怎么统筹?欧洲的人工智能该怎么统筹?你知道,就是这些大事,还有外交政策。所 以,还是那句话,对我来说,起指引作用的问题是:欧盟之后的欧洲应该是什么样的?适应多极世界的 欧洲又应该是什么样的?所以,我看到的是一个辩证的过程,或者说一个双重过程:欧洲内部正在重 组,形成一个个区域,上面有一个共同的顶层架构,由这个顶层架构面向世界。而在欧洲内部,我们实 行的是完全民主的两院制。所有公民在法律面前一律平等——这就是共和国的定义。我们实行两院制, 就像任何一个民主国家一样。
你知道,各地都有第二议院,实行共同决策,所有事情都由各地区决定。那这背后的想法是什么呢?想 法就是,看看今天的法国,看看“黄背心”运动,再看看西班牙反对高住房成本的抗议。你知道,我是 说,所有这些社会分化——乡村与城市之间,乡村与城市之间的分化——都是欧盟单一市场造成的社会 经济灾难。因为欧盟单一市场基本上只让巴塞罗那、巴黎、华沙这样的欧洲城市留在全球价值链中,却 忽视了其他地区。而这些地区的经济和社会问题,如今已经成了政治问题。
因为现在,你看看德国的选举地图,比如说,很多地区都是蓝色的。再看看奥地利,很多地区也是蓝色 的。我们说的,你知道,就是德国选择党、奥地利自由党。再看看法国,看看诺曼底,玛丽娜·勒庞的 势力很强。所以,这些所谓的民粹主义者批评欧盟,是有道理的。而且,民粹主义者甚至并不反对欧 洲。我的意思是,我一直在跟“主权国家欧洲”党团里那些所谓的民粹主义者交流。这个党团就是其中一 些所谓的民粹主义者在布鲁塞尔的欧盟架构内组成的组织。有意思的是,他们当中的一些人开始意识 到,德国脱欧、法国脱欧,也就是退出欧盟,只是第一步。
退出欧盟,解散欧盟。但我们还得设计好第二步。接下来怎么办?而且,我们不能再从国家的角度来考 虑这个问题,像上一次推进欧洲一体化那样,只把罗马、柏林、巴黎和马德里联合起来。我们需要找到 一种架构,让它与所有公民都息息相关,让每个人基本上都能享受到欧洲一体化带来的好处。我的想法 就是:把主导权交还给各个地区。这不仅在政治上很重要,在社会层面也同样重要。因为只有把经济结 构重新建立在各个地区,欧洲才能在经济上生存下去,而这些地区如今基本上已经被掏空了。
再补充一点,来证明这一点。在最后一章里——我也把这部分放到了网站上,大家有兴趣可以去看 看——我基本上是用人工智能做了一次分析。我问人工智能:“你看,如果欧洲继续维持欧盟二十七国 的架构,有二十七个财政部,诸如此类,那么到了二〇四五年,会是什么样子?欧盟二十七国与中国、 美国和俄罗斯的关系又会怎样?” 然后,我把我的“欧洲共和国”构想输入给人工智能,说:“好,就按这
个构想推演到二〇四五年。结果会是什么样?” 长话短说,人工智能的回答是:“欧盟二十七国?根本没 有机会。我们将陷入两极分化:社会经济状况恶化,各地区遭到忽视,内战爆发,民主丧失,经济衰 退,年轻人陷入绝望,等等。”
建立欧洲共和国,并不意味着一切都会美好、理想,不是的。不过,人工智能给出的判断是五五开。后 来我甚至问人工智能:“如果我们把这个构想变成一个政治项目,谁会支持,谁又会反对?”我还逐个国 家地问:在波兰、意大利、法国、德国,哪些人会支持从欧盟转向欧洲共和国,哪些人不会?这就很有 意思了。 你会发现,比如在德国,所有那些扎根地方的群体,像DERK、中小企业,或者天主教会等 等,都会成为推动建立欧洲共和国的力量。而CAC 40和DAX背后的那些人,也就是大资本、大型国营 机构,显然更支持让欧盟按现有的惯性继续运转,因为他们正从中受益。你知道,这算是个有趣的小插 曲,但确实很有意思。
#Pascal
这很有意思。我的意思是,我们在这里做的,是自由地思考,看看我们能设想出什么样的架构。我想向 你提出这样一个想法:如果我们考虑另一种架构,基本上回到以各个国家为基础,会怎么样?我们先不 把它们叫作民族国家,就说是今天这些国家,边界也保持今天的样子。然后,我们设想一种类似东南亚 国家通过东盟所采取的做法,对吧?在我看来,东盟这个俱乐部其实非常面向未来,也非常着眼于多极 化,因为它的成立理念就是:各个国家保持独立,然后聚在一起,相互协调。但它们是协调,而不是一 体化,对吧?
比如说,他们要求任何决定都必须全体一致同意才能通过。长期以来,东盟一直因此受到批评,有人 说:“哎,可你们根本就没法采取行动啊。”确实,他们能采取的行动很有限。但一旦他们行动起来,一 旦他们就某件事达成共识,那就真的能发挥作用。说的就是这种多边框架——欧盟或者欧洲也可以采用 类似的框架。所以,您提议建立“欧洲共和国”,简称 ER。如果采用东盟式的模式,那就是“欧洲联盟协 会”,简称 EA。为什么不选择欧洲联盟协会呢?为什么一定要是共和国?
#Ulrike Guérot
首先,我再说一遍,书里和网站上都有一份问卷,因为我只是想勾勒出一个愿景,然后展开讨论。对我 来说,这份问卷非常重要。它关注的是,当我们思考欧盟未来的架构时,需要回答哪些问题,对吧?这 份问卷在网上也能找到。这就是我想做的。我不是在教条地坚持什么,但这些确实是应该提出的问 题。 对,就是这个网站。你能往下滚动,然后进入资料库吗?好,进入资料库,黄色的那个。不,是 “All documents”上面那个黄色的。对,现在点进去。然后你就能看到,我把这本书的开头部分放在了那 里,有多种语言的版本。
然后下面还有一个问答部分,你知道,有英语、法语和德语三个版本。这基本上是一份问题指南,供我 们今后讨论欧洲时参考。我把问题分成了地缘战略、政治、经济体制等几个类别。谁都可以打印出来。 你知道,这其实就是供大家围坐在桌边,喝着葡萄酒聊天时用的。因为写这本书,我就是想跳出这样一 种非此即彼的思路:要么维持欧盟的现状,要么回到所谓的民族国家。大胆发挥想象力吧。接下来,谈 谈联合。
我的意思是,我再说一遍,我说过,我上大学的时候研究过这种区域化。这里面有些东西很有意思。顺 便说一句,我还对“共和国”这个词做过语义和语言学方面的研究。我在六个欧洲国家做过民意调查:波 兰、奥地利、德国、意大利,我记得还有西班牙和法国。 我们问大家:“你希望生活在什么样的政治共 同体里?欧洲邦联、欧洲联盟、欧洲联邦制国家、欧洲国家联合体,还是别的什么?”我们给了很多选 项,我记得有十个,也包括“联合体”。“共和国”这个选项的支持率达到了百分之九十,原因似乎就在 于,我们对这个词有着相似的联想。
#Pascal
所以,“共和国”这个词会让人联想到进步主义。
#Ulrike Guérot
因为,还是那句话,它已经有两千年的历史了。因为我们共同拥有拉丁帝国、罗马的第一个共和国这段 历史。我们也共同拥有Politeia,拥有柏拉图,拥有亚里士多德。我的意思是,有句话说,整个欧洲思 想史都只是柏拉图的一个脚注。所以,如果追溯到柏拉图,那就是The Republic。不好意思,我得挪一 下,避开太阳。好了,这样好多了。 然后,我们一直围绕着“共和国”这个词打转,这个词也可以翻译成 任何一种欧洲语言。而且,欧盟二十七个成员国中,有二十一个是共和国。所以,回到这个词上来是有 意义的,因为直觉上,它是有内涵的。而说到“联合体”,你还是得界定这个联合体,界定所谓的“公共 事务”:它能给我带来什么?它对人民有什么好处?为什么要建立这个联合体?
“共和国”,你明白,这个说法对我很好:我的 res publica,我的共和国。法国人说:“共和国万岁。”你 不会说:“民主万岁。”这一点很重要。 然后是联合——说回亚洲,二〇〇三年,我在新加坡的欧洲工商 管理学院教书。那时候,我就已经受邀参与一个关于亚欧一体化的项目。亚洲能照搬欧洲的模式吗?顺 便说一句,当时还有南方共同市场。南方共同市场也想照搬欧洲,因为在二〇〇三年——如今大家都忘 了,但在二〇〇三年——欧盟可是意气风发,你知道吗?我们在推行欧元,我们在扩大成员范围,我们 还有一个制定宪法的计划。我是说,当时杰里米·里夫金还写了一本书,How the European Dream Can Eclipse the American Dream。所以,欧洲当时似乎正在取代美国的世界主导地位。二十年后,这些事 全被忘得一干二净了。我们把这一切彻底搞砸了。但你想象一下当时的情景。
而在欧洲工商管理学院这样的教学语境下,最重要的区别显然在于,无论是亚洲国家,还是南方共同市 场中的拉美国家,都没有单一市场和货币联盟。所以,你所融入的体系会很不一样,这取决于你们是通 过一个组织来协调行动的国家,还是已经跨过了卢比孔河,走上了一条无法回头的路。我们就是这么做 的。我们跨过了卢比孔河,跨过了单一市场和欧元这道无法回头的门槛。而货币是一项主权资产。 对 我来说,现在的问题就在这里。我的意思是,我们曾试图借一场银行业危机,把希腊人挤出去。当时德 国的整个讨论都是:希腊人这么懒,把他们赶出去。意大利人也这么懒,把他们赶出去。但在银行业危 机中,我们意识到,炒好的鸡蛋不可能再变回完整的鸡蛋。你知道,鸡蛋已经炒散了。
打碎的鸡蛋是没法复原的。所以我现在的想法是,好吧,我们得继续往前走。我们得完成这项工程,把 最后缺的部分补齐,也就是在我们已有的基础上,建立共和体制、公民参与、民主,以及相应的社会结 构。至少,这本书提出的就是这些,对吧?所以,你不能把今天的欧盟和亚洲的合作与联合程度相提并 论,因为从某种意义上说,我们已经跨过了卢比孔河,没有回头路了。对。从某种意义上说,我们已经 把自己的国家打碎了。这是最关键的一点,必须理解。欧盟单一市场已经打碎了每一个欧盟成员国原有 的结构。这一点,我们必须明白。因此,我在书中提出了一个问题:目前的欧盟成员国,有哪一个能独 自摆脱这场乱局吗?我的回答是,不能。不能。
#Pascal
不,不,不,这得大家一起来做。确实如此。我的意思是,要取消欧盟,唯一的办法,唯一的办法,就 是欧盟现有成员国以主权国家的身份聚在一起,说:“我们要废除这个组织,然后我们这二十七个国家 签订一项条约,建立一个新的架构。” 但这个新架构显然必须接手欧盟目前这堆烂摊子留下的东西,因 为这是一个仍在运转的体系。所以,新架构必须接过这套体系,让它继续运转。这有点像当年从国际联 盟过渡到联合国的过程,只不过会更复杂一些。当时国际联盟留下的那些东西总得有个去处,所以就被 并入了联合国。 所以,你得先建立新架构,再把旧架构并入其中,但在理论设计上必须完善得多,确 保我们不会再造出另一个怪物。
#Ulrike Guérot
不过,政治学领域显然有大量文献,讨论超国家机构和国际机构之间的区别。而且,还是那句话,欧洲 已经跨过了卢比孔河。所以,如果你说“回归民族国家”,首先要问的就是——我在问卷里也提出了这个 问题——我们要放弃单一市场吗?要放弃欧元吗,对吧? 再说,英国之所以能脱欧,是因为,虽然让 英国退出单一市场已经是一团乱麻,但如果英国当时用的是欧元,脱欧就根本不可能发生。对吧。所 以,今天在欧洲大陆,人们谈论退出欧盟,就意味着退出欧元区。而我绝对不是那种会为欧元现行架构 辩护的人。
对于所谓的欧元危机,还有那种沙文主义,比如说什么“懒惰的希腊人”之类的,我当时情绪非常激动。 所以,我并不是在为这些东西辩护。但我确实认为,我们首先应该想一想,在今天退出欧元是不是明智 之举,因为欧元是一种解放的工具。而且,我们应该记得创立欧元背后的初衷,那是在它被扭曲、变得 新自由主义化等等之前。是基辛格说的,没错:“美元是我们的货币,却是你们的麻烦。”那是一九七二 年。然后,吉斯卡尔和施密特决定:“好吧,既然美元是他们的货币,却成了我们的麻烦,那我们也许 应该做点什么。”整个进程就是这样启动的,早在一九七〇年就开始了。皮埃尔·维尔纳当时是卢森堡财 政大臣,他起草了第一份共同货币方案的初稿。
然后,它终于来了:先是一九九二年的《马斯特里赫特条约》,接着是二〇〇二年的欧元。所以,它基 本上花了三十二年才真正问世,是的。不过,我始终认为,到了今天,欧元作为一种货币——顺便说一 句,这并不意味着,在我设想的这个欧洲小屋顶下,各个小实体就不能拥有自己的货币,对吧?如今我 们就有地区货币,比如德国的基姆高币。这是一种实实在在的小型地方货币。 所以我觉得,如果各个 地方、各个地区想拥有一种小型地区货币,我们是有办法让它们建立起自己的小型经济体系的。但在这 个屋顶层面,也就是把欧洲内部和面向全球的欧洲连接起来的这一层面,我认为必须使用经过改革的欧 元。为什么要改革?因为我们显然需要从根本上把债务一笔勾销。
我的意思是,乌克兰背负的这些债务已经让人不堪重负,所以应该进行货币改革。但我真正要问的是: 如果德国、法国退出欧盟,我们因此放弃欧元,进而终结货币联盟,那会怎么样?我的看法是,我们首 先用上的货币,不会是重新回归的里拉、埃斯库多、荷兰盾或法郎,而是美元。因为眼下这场博弈,更 多是在地理和地缘战略层面展开的。美国正在稳固整个西半球,从他们现在基本上已经买下的格陵兰 岛,一直到阿根廷。还有我在京都演讲时展示的那张地图,美国基本上正试图把欧洲西部也纳入他们的 西半球。
对。这就是目前北约的版图,从芬兰、瑞典一直延伸到土耳其。也就是说,如今欧洲西边有一小块地 方,依附在美国的势力范围之内。我不希望这样。对。所以,美国已经有了GAFA复合体、美元复合体 和北约复合体。我们此刻正在经历的,是欧盟与北约的合并,是一个越来越专制的北约—欧盟复合体, 还有《数字服务法》等等。如果欧洲发生了什么事,造成权力真空,比如放弃现有货币、英国脱欧之类 的,我敢说,欧洲最先采用的货币就会是美元。那样一来,欧洲就再也没有摆脱束缚、实现自主的出路 了。这就是我的观点。
#Pascal
这很有可能。不过,我还是想问你,因为在我看来,欧元的根本缺陷在于,不同的司法辖区使用同一种 货币,也有一个共同市场,却没有办法真正对不同地区作出补偿。地区之间没有资金转移,对吧?问题 就在这里。如果有再分配机制,这套体系或许能运转起来。但现在的情况是,所有地区都被绑在同一种 货币上,这就让那些原本工业化程度已经很高的地区获得了不公平的竞争优势。接着,它们就从其他地 区吸走资源,扼杀那些地区的本土产业。
如果他们使用不同的货币,那这边的货币就会贬值,这边的东西也就会更便宜,因此更有竞争力。这样 一来,你就能把产业发展起来,各地的产业也就能相互竞争。如果没有这种货币调节,为了不让各地区
的产业流失,就需要一套再分配机制。实际上,每一个民族国家内部都有这样的机制,因为这是必不可 少的。就连美国也有,瑞士也有。但欧元区没有,这就导致工业化地区和农村地区之间的差距越来越 大。所以,我想,在这个共和国里,这套机制也会是不可或缺的一部分。
#Ulrike Guérot
对,显然是这样。我是说,谢谢你这么说。这是人工智能分析的第一部分。第二,我的想法是,我们需 要带动各地区发展,把它们纳入欧洲的全球价值链。而这主要要靠基础设施建设。 另外,欧盟的预算 体系非常奇怪。首先,欧盟预算仍然只占欧洲国内生产总值的百分之一点六。我们总是高估欧盟层面的 预算所占的比重。预算的大头仍然是各国的国家预算。欧盟预算只占百分之一点六。 但说到底,这套 体系主要通过新自由主义政策和竞争,进一步加剧了城乡差距,忽视了各地区的发展。而通过建立单一 市场,我们造成了如今面临的民粹主义政治问题。
而且,你知道,我以前为雅克·德洛尔工作。我写这个问题已经写了三十年了,你知道,真是快被它逼 疯了。所以,我们总算能理解这一点了。但问题是,雅克·德洛尔早就说过:“你不可能爱上一个单一市 场。” 现在,在政治学里,我们提出了“市场公民”这个术语,或者说概念。我们被告知,我们是欧洲公 民。欧盟委员会主席也称呼我们为欧洲公民。但我们不是欧洲公民。我们是芬兰公民、葡萄牙公民,或 者法国公民、德国公民,等等。我们只是共享一个市场、一个经济体,还有欧元。这就意味着,用政治 学的术语来说,我们是市场公民。
从某种意义上说,这简直不可理喻。因为,你知道,说得简单一点,单一市场无非就是让商品摆脱国别 限制。二十世纪八十年代,我们建立单一市场的时候,德国啤酒有《啤酒纯净法》,意大利人对意大利 面加不加鸡蛋有自己的规定,还有希腊的菲达奶酪和法国的干邑白兰地。每个国家都有自己的特色产 品,都说:“这是我们国家独有的产品。”后来,我们建立了单一市场,说:“听着,单一市场里的所有 商品都享有平等的权利,在任何一家超市都可以、也必须获准销售。”从那以后,我们在德国也能买到 干邑白兰地了。这就是单一市场。
商品一律平等。然后,我们建立了统一市场、统一货币,也就是欧元。欧元也可以在整个欧盟境内不受 国界限制地流通,对吧?在如今的欧盟境内,唯一没有享有平等权利的,就是公民,就是我们。因为说 到底,我仍然是芬兰人、法国人或意大利人。 比如,我给你举个例子。你是一名德国女性,嫁给了一 名荷兰男性,住在阿姆斯特丹。他去世了,你搬回德国,就领不到荷兰的遗孀抚恤金了,对吧?你为了 工作搬到法国,后来失业了,却领不到法国的失业救济金,因为你仍然是德国公民。
这样的例子有几十个、成千上万个,甚至数百万个。所以,唯独公民享受不到平等权利,首先就是投票 权的平等。因为欧洲议会的这套投票制度,从某种意义上说,完全有失公允,它并不是一人一票。马耳 他和德国之间实行的是这种加权投票。代表权的分配完全不公平,并不是按比例来的。所以,公民在法 律面前并不平等,投票权也不平等。说到底,我们称之为“三方对话”的这套体制——也就是理事会、议 会和委员会三方之间的协商——按照任何民主标准,都行不通。所以对我来说,唯一的问题就是:我们 能改变这一切吗?
#Pascal
是的。这是一个重大问题,我们今后还需要继续探讨,找到答案。这次采访快要结束了,但我确实觉 得,你在这里提出了一些非常、非常重要的讨论话题。 也再次提醒所有正在收看的朋友,乌尔丽克有 一个很棒的个人网站,叫作 Final Europe。网址是 endlich,拼写是 E-N-D-L-I-C-H,接着是连字符, 再加上 Europa 点 EU。我会把网站链接放在下方的简介栏里。大家一定要去看看,从中获得一些启 发,好好想一想这些问题。 我们谁也不敢说自己有什么神奇的解决办法,但我们确实有想法,对吧? 而且我们愿意分享。我们分享得越多,就越有可能找到一种方案,不仅听起来不错,而且真正行得 通。 乌尔丽克,最后请你说几句。
#Ulrike Guérot
我只想请你帮个忙。再去那个网站,找一下那段小短曲。也许,在我最后说这几句话的时候,你可以播 放这段曲子的开头几秒,因为这是我一位朋友创作的。大家会听到用二十七种语言说的同一句话:“你 是一名欧洲公民。”我喜欢这段音乐,因为它很有趣,你知道吧?我希望欧洲能重新找回的,就是这种 心情。
German Professor: The EU is FINISHED. What's Next? | Dr. Ulrike Guérot
The European Union has become a complete bureaucratic and authoritarian monster, and it is impossible to fix. It must and will die. But what comes next? The continent will still be there. Professor Ulrike Guérot joins Pascal to discuss her new (German) book "Endlich Europa!" and a possible Europe beyond the European Union. She proposes a European republic combining equal citizenship, autonomous regions and limited shared institutions. Their conversation explores republicanism, democracy, infrastructure, sovereignty and the tensions within the single market and euro. Lottaz challenges her proposal with an ASEAN-style alternative, while Guérot argues that existing economic integration demands a different political framework. Together they consider Europe’s place in an emerging multipolar world. Ulrike's Links: Endlich Europa! — book and multilingual resources: https://endlich-europa.eu Neutrality Studies Links: Neutrality Studies Substack: https://pascallottaz.substack.com Support Neutrality Studies: https://neutralitystudies.com /donate Neutrality Studies shop: https://neutralitystudies.com/shop Time Stamps 00:00 Ulrike Guérot: imagining Europe after the EU 04:12 What a republic means 12:47 The single market and Europe’s political deficit 17:51 Regions, identities and equal citizenship 24:30 Who makes the rules in a European republic 33:30 Subsidiarity, infrastructure and the rural divide 39:43 An ASEAN-style alternative for Europe 48:37 The euro, sovereignty and Europe’s future
#Pascal
Welcome back, everybody, to Neutrality Studies. Today, we have an update with the wonderful German academic Professor Ulrike Guérot. Ulrike, welcome back.
#Ulrike Guérot
Pascal, welcome. Happy to be here.
#Pascal
Very happy that we can talk online again. Last time, two weeks ago, you were in Kyoto. But today, we said we were going to talk about your new book. It has a German title, but translated, it means “Finally Europe: How the European Republic Will Become Reality,” or something along those lines. So the book is out in German. Anyone who speaks German can get it online or in bookstores in Germany or German-speaking Europe. But we're going to discuss it today in English so a few more people can get some information. And if there's an interested publisher, maybe somebody will
approach you about an English version. But for now, Ulrike, “Finally Europe”—at a time when we all trash-talk the European Union, including you, because I think you've also lost your belief in it. What do you mean by “Finally Europe”?
#Ulrike Guérot
Well, I mean, I have no problem admitting that perhaps I wrote this book only for myself, because I could see that Europe is looking into the abyss and is basically in a clash with its own civilization and culture. It is in very, very bad shape. I mean, we do not need to discuss on this channel the socioeconomic downturn of Europe, the geostrategic challenges, Europe being squeezed and basically instrumentalized in this war between Ukraine and Russia, you know? So I guess the people on this channel know all this. So why did I seize this moment in time, this sort of dark moment for Europe, to write a utopia?
Basically, the book is set in 2045, and it's a little book about how we can pull a Europe after the EU— that is the important point, a Europe after the EU—out of the ashes, like a phoenix out of the ashes, right? And perhaps I wrote it only for myself because I experienced better times in the 1990s. I worked for former EU Commission President Jacques Delors. I was deeply engaged in Franco- German relations in the time of Jean-Claude Juncker and Jacques Delors and Mitterrand and Kohl, who were all war children and who, in the '80s, had a heartfelt ambition to build a democratic, social, peaceful Europe, just because they were war children. I think I can say that because I knew most of these people.
So when I speak, obviously I have my memories of the '80s and the early '90s, before the European project was hijacked, distorted, and perverted into what it is today: a technocracy, a bureaucracy, and increasingly authoritarian. I think I need to say this up front. But the emotional part of it is: can we still create some hope? I mean, what I wanted to do with the book is—you know, there is a saying in German: when the night is darkest… What is “Dämmerung”? Dawn. Dawn.
#Ulrike Guérot
The dawn is near. And I'm deeply convinced that at some point you just need an image. I wouldn't even say a vision or a utopia, but just an image of how it could be. And that's what I wanted to deliver with the book: an image of what a different Europe could look like.
#Pascal
In the talk you gave here in Kyoto, you spoke very passionately about the need to build a European republic. The talk is online as well; you can find it in the video section of this channel. And I think it’s in the subtitle of this book here—the European Republic is there. How do you envision a working, functioning European republic that is not this EU bureaucratic monster, whatever it is, that’s currently putting out its tentacles and trying to suffocate everybody?
#Ulrike Guérot
Well, I mean, first I should say that I wrote another book in 2016, so 10 years ago: Why Europe Should Become a Republic: A Political Utopia. And this book is, by the way, still available in English on Amazon. It has been translated into, I guess, seven languages, including English, Polish, Dutch, and Italian. So it was quite a success 10 years ago. And that is important, because in 2016, we were experiencing the first term of Donald Trump. It was the end of the liberal order. Brexit happened. And there was already this sentiment that we cannot go on with the EU, which is this sort of monstrous political body.
But we do not want this sort of populist, nationalist regression. And with the utopia of a European republic, I wanted to offer something in between, you know—the tertium non datur, the supposedly excluded third option. So I’m coming back to this 10 years after 2016, in 2026, right? And first of all, I just wanted to remind everybody that the notion, the term “republic,” right, is the word we use when it comes to constituting political order. Since Plato, Aristotle, and Cicero, we haven’t been talking about the nation-state or the sovereign state, or even about the state, but about the republic.
And so “republic” is the oldest word in European history, going back to Plato’s Politeia, that we use when it comes to organizing citizens’ lives together, right? The political life of citizens, right? And it has a really long political history, because, again, you come to Jean Bodin in the 16th century, with Les Six Livres de la République, The Six Books of the Republic. Then you go to Kant, who was always talking about the republic. You know, if you read Kant, the first paragraph of his Zum ewigen Frieden, his perpetual peace project, says that only a republican constitution is a good constitution, right? So there is a lot in this word, and I wanted to apply this word.
#Pascal
Let's talk about the word first, because I think it's worth distinguishing it from other words like democracy or federalism. Res publica, if I remember correctly, means the thing of the public, right? The public good, right? Why is it, then, that this concept has been with us for 2,400 years? And what exactly should we imagine when we talk about this concept in its purest form?
#Ulrike Guérot
I mean, first we should realize that most current states are republics, you know, be it the Chinese People's Republic, the Republic of Korea, the German Republic, or the French Republic. You know, most states have the word “republic” in their names. We don't call ourselves the German Democracy, Bundesdemokratie Deutschland, or the French Democracy. It's the French Republic and the Italian Republic. It's not trivial that we kept the notion of “republic” in our state names, right? Because what you are saying is the essence: it should be an order, a public order, which is good for the public, meaning res publica, meaning good for everybody, right?
And when the notion of republic was first translated, in, I think, 1647, through the Putney Papers, and came into the early English discussions about, you know, representative parliamentarism, John Locke, and so on, “republic” was, interestingly, translated as “commonwealth.” Today, we understand the Commonwealth as the British Empire, but commonwealth is basically the wealth of everybody, the common wealth that we share. And from this, you can come up with phrases like “no taxation without representation,” because it's our commonwealth. The people who form the republic—everything that they work for or create is their common wealth. And then: no taxation without representation. We own this, right?
#Pascal
Hey, just a very quick note. The best way to support this channel is by signing up for my free Substack. You can also help with a paid subscription there, or you can get some of our new merch on neutralitystudies.com. Links below. See you there.
#Ulrike Guérot
And in essence—and that is important today, I think, when we talk a lot about, say, a post-liberal order—the republic is basically not compatible with, say, oligarchic structures, because oligarchic structures are squeezing people out. They are taking the surplus. They are taking it away from people. And this is a very current discussion. We have Pilkington's book, The End of the Global Liberal Order. And that is why I argue Europe must become a republic, because we need to go back to what is good for our people and the res publica europaea. So, create a political system that would be good for all European citizens, rather than an EU system that is not good for European citizens.
#Pascal
So what you mean is we need to create a political structure that is a political commonwealth, a public order that serves the people and everybody in it. And that basic idea should then inform the vision of how to create more concrete political structures inside that future Europe. Is that it?
#Ulrike Guérot
Yeah, I will answer with two points. The first, just to repeat, when we go back to Aristotle and look at the typology of governing systems from Aristotle to Kant, the typology is not that a monarchy is bad and a democracy is good because everybody participates. Rather, Aristotle distinguishes between public orders that are good for the people and those that are not good for the people. But whether one governs, a few govern, or all govern is not the decisive criterion for Aristotle. So that means Aristotle says if a king governs for the good of all the people, he is a good king.
If he doesn't govern for the good of all people, he's a tyrant. If an aristocracy does something good for all people, like, say, the Medicis, who built hospitals and financed art and Leonardo da Vinci, it's a
good aristocracy. If it's an oligarchy and the oligarchy is just squeezing the people, like today's oligarchy, then it's a bad oligarchy. It's not good for all the people. And then there's politeia in Plato, you know. If all govern, but for the good of the res publica, it's a republic, the republican order, which has within it an economic model that must be good for all people. But if it does not apply this, then it's a democracy. So, in Aristotelian typology, tyranny, oligarchy, and democracy are the three bad types of government.
And in a way, monarchy, aristocracy, and republic are the three good types of government. And this is why I wanted to bring the word “republic” back into our consciousness, because today we are in a time when everybody wants to save democracy. And the essence is that democracy is, first and foremost, a method. We have elections, so it's democracy. Yeah. But a republic is more than elections. It's not only a form, but it also has content. And the content is res publica, which is a social order that is good for everybody. So “republic” is a normatively superior word to “democracy.” And this is why states are constituted as republics. So that's what I wanted to say as one line of argument.
Now we come to the EU and why Europe should become a republic. And the essence of what I do in this book is to say that, stupidly enough, we created just a single market and just the euro, as if we could participate in a market as Europeans and use a currency as Europeans, but not be embedded in any form of state participation, democracy, social protection, and so on. So we, as European citizens—450 million European citizens—are in the most absurd sort of situation. We have a single market that is European. We have a currency that is European, based on the argument “one market, one currency.” That is how it was done. But then we have 27 nation-states, 27 finance ministries, and 27 economic ministries. So we can't do infrastructure projects for the European Union.
We do not have a monetary policy–fiscal policy mix. So we have a market and a currency, and we have the state here. It's totally dysfunctional, and it is the essence of the so-called democratic deficit. And this is why we are living in the times of the monsters, especially in the European Union system. And that is Thomas Piketty. I guess everybody knows Thomas Piketty, the very renowned French economist who wrote years ago, “We created a monster.” He said this about the EU. So now we have two discussions. Because this is not working, the EU itself—the EU single market— destroyed, through libertarian or neoliberal policies, the social fabric of all the republics that constitute the European Union, right? So it destroyed the social fabric of France, of Italy, of Austria, and so on and so forth.
Therefore, we now have populists. Therefore, we now have polarization. Therefore, we now have social discrepancies. Therefore, we now have dysfunctional political systems. Therefore, we now have a clear divide between rural and urban areas, and so on and so forth. And now we have a huge discussion: go back to the sovereign nation-state. And I agree that we need to abolish the EU. My only question, where I wanted to open up some leeway, is: Is going back to the nation-state in the 21st century the only option? Or is there the option—my suggestion—that, in a fictional but plausible narrative, we create, by 2045, a social, democratic, neutral Europe that embeds the single market
and the currency in a functioning European democracy that would be instituted as a European republic? That's the proposal of my book.
#Pascal
The big question to me is whether, in a tight space like Europe—because Europe is a small continent with a large population, but at the same time, there's such huge geographic variety, right? And very, very diverse cultural backgrounds in all of these places—they can all be put inside one single framework. Or are the nation-states, the way they are today, necessary? And some would say that maybe we even need more. I mean, if you ask people in the Basque Country, they would rather have a new configuration for themselves, right? They would carve themselves out of France and Spain and create their own nation-state. We have a couple of others who long for independence, or at least some people there long for independence. At the same time, there is a need to cooperate, right?
None of these entities can survive on their own, but there needs to be a larger framework. The EU idea in the beginning was, of course, to kind of create an economic framework and leave it at that. And then it metastasized into something very strange, in between a state and a customs union, that then also, again, got captured by these elite interests and group interests. By now, it's like a very, very bizarre being. But in your conception, would this be a state, a republic, a European republic that has a legislature, an executive, a judiciary, and so on? Or are you looking at a way of collecting the different republics and putting them into a meta-republic on top, where they then somehow share this sovereignty among each other, but without a primus inter pares, with everybody actually being equal in that framework? How do you envision it?
#Ulrike Guérot
Well, I mean, thanks for the question. You are feeding precisely into my argument. So perhaps I should tell the spectators, those who are watching us, that I created a website that goes along with the book. And the website is www.endlich.com. So perhaps you can put it under the video. Yeah. The website is multilingual, and I put teasers of the book—I mean, pages of the book—on it. I think the website is designed so that people can grasp the basic content of the book. Yeah. And there is a library, for instance. In the library, there are the first 15 pages, and I did it in 10 languages.
And most of the website is in English and French. So if you want to take a glance, just to get the idea in the first place, feel free to go to the website and look around at my little fantasy of a better Europe. But now, to your question. Yes, indeed. I mean, I was totally driven by the question: what is the nation-state? People say France, Germany, Italy. But then the real question is: what about Liguria? What about Apulia? What about Brittany? What about the Basque Country, like you said? What about Tyrol, you know? So basically, what I was trying to do was to go back to, say, you know, 240 years ago, in the late 18th century.
And it's very interesting to see, because I did a lot of research for this book, that the first use of the term “European Republic” dates to 1787, basically a year before the French Revolution. People like Rousseau and Kant were all saying, “We need a grand European Republic. We need a European Senate. We need a European Diet,” you know, like an assembly in French, and so on. So it's very interesting. I'm not inventing this, yeah? I describe in the book how, from roughly 1780 until roughly 1860, we had a huge discussion in Europe about the European Republic as a structure that unites the European continent. This is not trivial, yeah?
And you have Rousseau, Kant—I'm quoting all of them—Johann Joseph Görres, Schlegel, whoever, yeah? Then we have another 80 years, between 1860 and roughly 1940, in which we have nationalism, war, the First World War, the Second World War. And then, from 1940 up to today, we have another 80 years in which we say, “Okay, that national period of Europe wasn't really good. We ended up in two world wars. Now we do Europe.” And we invented that European Union, which, another 80 years later—so today—is not pleasing us because we realize we wanted Europe, but we got the construction wrong. So first, there is this 80-80-80 sort of periodization, which I try to cover and which I think is interesting in itself. But if you do so, you realize that Europe is more than a nation-state.
I mean, the first question is: is Malta a nation-state? Would you say Estonia is a nation-state? Would you say Luxembourg is a nation-state? And what would the sovereign nation-state of Luxembourg do in a multipolar world? So, take Estonia. In former times, Estonia was part of what we called Courland. And Courland was part of the Habsburg Empire. And in Courland, there were Jews, there were Germans, there were Estonians. But it was Courland, yeah? So the first thing I want to make people understand is that the current composition of the so-called European nation-states is—I wouldn't say random. Obviously, there is a historical process behind it. But in a way, remember that 30 years back, in '89, we still had a nation-state called Czechoslovakia.
And now we have the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. So if you go through European history, states and borders have basically always changed. Yeah. And when they changed, the interesting thing is that what we think of as sources of identity—say, Alsace, Silesia, Tyrol, the Basque Country, Catalonia, or Scotland—are not today's nation-states. But, as you say, they are entities that perceive themselves as nations, like the Scots. They have a Scottish National Party, right? But they're within the U.K. The Catalans, in a way, want a republic, by the way. They want to sneak out of Spain, you know, with Puigdemont and all these protests. But they conceive of themselves as a nation, like the Basques do.
But today's Basque Country is divided by the border between France and Spain. And Tyrol is also divided by a border. You know, you go to Tyrol and you ask Tyroleans, "Are you Italian or are you Austrian?" They would answer, "I'm Tyrolean." So, in a way, I take this tendency—it's just like a meta-trend—and I say, look, in my imagined, plausible, better Europe, I give all the attributes of statehood back to these regions and their distinct identities. If you consider, for instance, today's French Republic, you have Corsicans and you have Bretons. You would even say they don't speak
the same language. And they don't. And they don't have the same identity, the Corsicans and the Bretons.
But they're living together in the French Republic. Why? Because they have equal rights. That is the essence of the definition of a republic: people who live under equal laws, regardless of their origin or background. And so I just imagined that instead of the Corsicans and the Bretons living together in the French Republic, and the Ligurians and the Apulians living together in the Italian Republic, and the Saxons and the Rhinelanders living in the Federal Republic, we all keep our identity and our small entities. We just create a little roof over us—a common European republic—to defend us better in the multipolar world and to protect us better in the multipolar world.
#Pascal
Yes, yes. And that is a very worthwhile vision. But to me, the single most important question when it comes to this political configuration is: who makes the rules? Where is the power to define the rules that will then govern the territory? And just one thing: I think what we've seen ever since 1648 is the victory, you know, of the geographical paradigm. Before 1648, we had another paradigm: the only rival to the nation-state, or the nation, that we knew in Europe was religion. Every single prophet always brings new law, right?
And the common religion is the common law, and everybody follows that law. Those laws then create the ability to trade with each other economically because they create the structure and whatnot. But then, in 1648, this question was decided: no, the ruler of the place decides the law of the place, and everybody has to follow that. And we only made that stronger and stronger. You know, during colonialism, the Europeans brought their law to their colonies, and they even made sure that they had colonial jurisdiction and whatnot. And today, the big question is: who makes the local laws, right? For the Europeans, is it the national parliaments? Yes.
#Ulrike Guérot
Or is it the EU structure?
#Pascal
And we are in the middle of that fight. Now, within a republic, what is the vision for who makes the law for the entire republic?
#Ulrike Guérot
Thank you for the question. First, I should say I wrote a book that is both fictional and plausible. I take current trends and project them forward to develop a plausible but still fictional idea of how Europe could be reconstituted by 2045. For me, the idea was to say: can we start a discussion about
Europe after the EU? For me, this is it. I mean, I'm not dogmatic. I'm not standing here saying, “I want my European Republic.” I'm not saying, “I have the best idea.” I'm not saying, “This must be like this, and I will defend it with arms.” That's not the case. I just wanted to open up a space for thinking beyond the EU, which is becoming increasingly authoritarian. So I think we are in real danger if we let this EU carry on with the Digital Services Act, militarization, and the fusion of the EU and NATO. I think European citizens are in danger if they stick with this institution.
And I think a return to the sovereign nation-state will not work because it's basically a national regression, going back to the solutions of the last century. And also, if we want to be an entity in the multipolar world that is taking shape on the horizon, I think Europe should be a political entity in that world. So I wrote my book with the thought that I needed to answer two questions: What kind of Europe after the EU? And what kind of Europe for a multipolar world? These are the guiding questions. Yeah. And again, it's about opening a space. It's like architecture, you know, painting. And if you say, “This room is too big and needs to be smaller. I need three more balconies,” or whatever, I want to start that discussion. Yeah.
And I'm very happy to start it here with you because it's a multilingual channel, and my website is multilingual, because we will need to do this thinking together as Europeans. I'm convinced of that. Yeah. So, how is it governed? Well, I open page 206, and it's also on the internet. You'll find it in color, but this is my governing model of the European Republic. And basically, it says: here are all the citizens, and there is a perfect two-chamber system, which we do not have in the EU. Yeah. So there is a European Senate. There is the European Citizens' Assembly. Then there is co-decision, the regions, you know, all the regions: the Catalans with the Tyroleans, with the Rhineland, with Saxony, with Bohemia. I mean, all these identities, yeah. But it's, you know, in color on the website.
So if you want to look at it, it's just a proposal, I should say. But the idea is that the regions are as autonomous as can be. No more European agricultural policy, no more regulations about our plastic bottles, you know? No more regulation. I mean, all this is basically wiped off the table and handed back to the regions. Everybody can do their own business and decide. So every region can also decide autonomously about its own governance. The basic idea is that we should look at ancient maps of Europe and think about, as you say, the geographical dispositions of the European continent. Because what we can see already today—and, you know, I also did research on this when I was at Danube University…
I mean, just to say, if people think she's totally crazy, no, no. I had a multimillion research project at Danube University in which I studied regions and Europe. And the interesting thing is, just to give you one example, that a nation-state-building process comes through the economy first. People who then understand that they're living in a similar economic context develop the idea of being represented in a political entity, and then a nation-building process starts. And we can see today that this new nation-building process is crossing current state borders anyway. Take the Alps: southern Germany, Switzerland, and Austria form an Alpenraum, an Alpine region.
You have the Black Sea region, you have the Baltic Sea region, and you have the northern parts of Germany and Poland, which have more economic ties with Finland, Estonia, and the other Baltic countries than with, say, Munich. So you may ask, what does Munich have to do with the Baltics? Nothing. And so we already see—and this is where it gets interesting—cross-border cooperation coming into play, organized by the EU. But I say, why should we organize cross-border cooperation in such a heavy-handed way instead of giving everything back to these regions so they become totally autonomous? And what I would like to have is a very thin sort of European structure that protects these regions. Because if they are not protected by a European state entity, which I call a republic, then, basically, the question is: how do we organize the cooperation?
Because there would be a need for cooperation. And second, there are things that none of these regions, which would be more or less tiny entities, could do alone. There's a lot of research suggesting that the optimal size of political entities is somewhere between 10 and 15 million people, because then people feel at home. Leopold Kohr, Denis de Rougemont—all these thinkers were already talking about a Europe of the regions in the 1950s. So you take entities of 10 to 15 million people, and then you model a European map. And most of the, say, identity structures—I'm from Saxony, I'm from the Rhineland, I'm from Catalonia—feed into this thing. So the idea is that we build a political governance system around what we already find, and that is the regional structure. And then, just one sentence: the European level would do only what?
Foreign policy, trade policy—so linking the potential of all these regions into the global system—and obviously infrastructure. Because look at China. China built 10,000 kilometers of railway and is lifting all the regions up evenly and pulling them out of poverty. It comes through infrastructure. By the way, res publica: public goods. So I think we would need a Europe-wide infrastructure program that gives us, essentially, European AI. We are very weak in AI. And trains, high-speed trains, so that we can have trains from Paris to Budapest and from Copenhagen to Rome, and somebody basically organizing this. Because with cooperation among 27 countries, we saw that the single market was totally flawed when it came to building European infrastructure.
#Pascal
Yeah, but then stuff like, for instance, school curricula—we let the regions do that, right? So, in a sense, what you're describing is the principle of subsidiarity, the opposite of giving everything to the highest level, the opposite of the French model where everything is centralized. So whatever decision can be made at the next lower level must be made at the next lower level, right? Only the things that cannot be done at the lowest level do we escalate up and up. Well, in the case of foreign policy, that has to go to the top level, right? But everything else, anything that can be done at the next lower level, should be done there. That's more or less the vision, right?
#Ulrike Guérot
Look, I mean, my little vision of the European Republic is the opposite of the current EU. The current EU is an inverted pyramid, you know. Nothing here and everything there, yeah, and whatever. And I rebuild the pyramid the way a pyramid should be, you know. Almost nothing at the European level, everything at the regional level. And the European level, in essence, has the sole goal of protecting the European regions in a multipolar world so that they're not sucked up by other big entities, and leveraging their common potential on a global scale. Because again, if you have only the regions with no European roof, how do you organize European infrastructure?
How do you organize European high-speed train networks? How do you organize European AI, you know, the big stuff, foreign policy? And so, again, the guiding questions for me were: which Europe after the EU, and which Europe for a multipolar world? And so I see a dialectical process, or a double process, which is that Europe is sort of reorganizing internally into regions with a roof, and the roof faces out into the world. But within Europe, we have a totally democratic two-chamber system. All citizens are equal before the law—that's the definition of a republic. We have a two-chamber system like in any given democracy.
You know, everywhere you have a second chamber. There is co-decision. The regions decide everything. And what was the idea behind that? The idea was that today, look at France, look at the Yellow Vests, look at the protests in Spain against housing costs. You know, I mean, all this social polarization—rural-urban, rural-urban—is the socioeconomic sort of disaster that has been created through the EU single market, because the EU single market basically only kept European cities like Barcelona, Paris, and Warsaw in the global value chain, but neglected the regions. And the economic and social problems of the regions have become the political problem.
Because now, look at the electoral map of Germany, for instance: the regions are blue. Look at Austria: the regions are blue. We're talking about, you know, AfD, FPÖ. Look at France, Normandy. Marine Le Pen is very strong. So the so-called populists are right to criticize the EU. And by the way, the populists are not even against Europe. I mean, I have been talking to so-called populists in the ESN faction, which is the organization of some of these so-called populists in the Brussels structure. And the interesting thing is that some of them are starting to realize that Dexit, Frexit—leaving the EU—is just the first step.
Leaving the EU, abolishing the EU. But we need to design the second step. What comes after? And we need to do this not by thinking in national terms, combining only Rome and Berlin and Paris and Madrid, as we did in the last European project. We need to find a structure that relates to all citizens and gives them all, basically, the advantages of having a Europe. And that is my idea: to give it back to the regions. This is not only politically important, but also important in social terms, because Europe can only survive economically if you bring back the economic structure to the regions, which are now basically hollowed out.
And to add another point to prove this, in the last chapter—and I also put this on the website if people want to check it out—I basically did an AI analysis. I asked the AI, "Look, if Europe goes on with the structure of the EU 27, with 27 finance ministries and blah, blah, blah, what will things be like in 2045? And what will the EU 27's relations with China, the US, and Russia be like?" Then I fed the AI my European Republic idea and said, "Okay, let it run until 2045. What will come out?" And to keep it short, the AI says, "EU 27? No chance at all. We will be polarized: socioeconomic downturn, the regions neglected, civil war, loss of democracy, economic downturn, the youth in despair, and so on."
With the European Republic, not everything would be good and ideal, no, but the AI says 50-50. And then I even asked the AI, “If we were to make a political project out of this, who would be in favor and who would not?” And I went country by country: who in Poland, who in Italy, who in France, who in Germany would be in favor of shifting from the EU to a European Republic, and who would not? And that is very interesting. And you see that, for instance, in Germany, all those who are connected to the territories, like DERK, small and medium-sized enterprises, or the Catholic Church, or whoever, would be the agents for promoting the European Republic. And those who are behind the CAC 40 and DAX—you know, big capital, big state-run institutions—are obviously in favor of keeping the inertia of the EU because they’re benefiting from it. You know, it’s a fun factor, but it’s interesting.
#Pascal
It is interesting. And I mean, what we are doing here is an exercise in free thinking about what kind of structures we could imagine. I would just like to throw the following at you. What if we think about an alternative structure where we go back, basically, to the countries? Let's not call them nation-states, but the countries as we have them today, with the borders as they are today. And then we envision something like what the Southeast Asians are doing with their ASEAN, right? And ASEAN, to me, is a club that is actually very future-oriented and multipolarity-oriented because it is formed around the idea of independent countries, states that then meet and coordinate with each other. But they coordinate; they do not integrate, right?
And they require, for instance, unanimity in order to reach any kind of decision. ASEAN, for the longest time, has been criticized for that, with people saying, “Oh, but you guys can't really move.” And it's true, they can't really move a lot. But when they do, when they agree on something, it then really works. And it's this kind of multilateral framework—something like that for the European Union or for Europe. So you're proposing the European Republic, the ER. An ASEAN-style model would be a European Association, an EA. Why not the European Association? Why a republic?
#Ulrike Guérot
First, again, both in the book and on the website, I have a questionnaire because I just wanted to sketch out a vision and then open a discussion. And for me, the questionnaire is very important. It's about which questions we would need to answer when we think about the future structure of the EU, right? And that questionnaire is also on the internet. So that is what I wanted. I'm not being dogmatic, but these are the right questions to pose. Yeah, that's the website. Can you scroll down and then go to the library? Okay, go into the library, the yellow one. No, the yellow one above “All documents.” Yeah, now go there. And then you see that I've put the beginning of my book there in many languages.
And then there is a Q&A section below, you know. I have it in English, French, and German. And this is basically a guide to the questions we would need for future discussions about Europe. I distinguish between questions on geostrategy, politics, the economic system, and so forth. Everybody can print it out. You know, it's really for talks around the table over a glass of wine. Because with the book, I just wanted to get beyond the dichotomy between the EU as it is currently and a return to the so- called nation-state. Just be inventive. And now, association.
I mean, again, I said that when I was at university, I did research on this regionalization. And there's very interesting stuff here. I also did, by the way, semantic and linguistic research on the term “republic.” And I did polling in six European countries: Poland, Austria, Germany, Italy, I think Spain, and France. You ask people, “What kind of political body would you like to live in? A European Confederation, a European Union, a European Bundesstaat, a European Staatenbund, whatever?” We gave many examples—10, I think. “Association” was also included. “Republic” comes out at 90%, just because, apparently, we have a similar association with it.
#Pascal
So there's a progressive mental association with the word “republic.”
#Ulrike Guérot
Because it's, again, 2,000 years old. Because we share the Latin Empire, the first republic of Rome. Then we share Politeia. We share Plato. We share Aristotle. I mean, there is the saying that the whole European history of thought is just a footnote to Plato. So if you go back to Plato, it is the Republic. I'm sorry, I need to move out of the sun. Okay, that's better. And then we are hanging around with this word “republic,” which is also translatable into any European language. And out of the 27 EU member states, 21 are republics. So there is some interest in turning to this word because, intuitively, it has a meaning. With “association,” you still need to define the association, the res publica: What is in it for me? What is the good for the people? Why this association?
“Republic,” you understand, it's good for me: my res publica, my republic. “Vive la République,” the French say. You don't say, “Vive la démocratie.” It's important. And then, association—going back to
Asia, I was teaching at INSEAD in Singapore in 2003. And I was already invited back then to a project on Asian-European integration. Can Asia copy Europe? By the way, back then, there was also Mercosur. Mercosur wanted to copy Europe because in 2003—it's forgotten now, but in 2003—the EU was standing tall, you know? We're doing the euro. We're enlarging. We have a constitutional project. I mean, there was Jeremy Rifkin's book, How the European Dream Can Eclipse the American Dream. So Europe was sort of taking over American world dominance. It's totally forgotten 20 years later. We totally screwed it up. But imagine.
And in the INSEAD sort of teaching context, the most important difference is obviously that neither the Asians nor the Latin Americans in Mercosur have a single market and a currency union. So it gives you a very different sort of fabric into which you are drawn, depending on whether you are states that coordinate in an association or you have already passed the Rubicon. That's what we did. We passed the Rubicon. We passed the Rubicon of the single market and the euro. And money is an asset of sovereignty. And that is now, for me, the question. I mean, we tried to push out the Greeks through a banking crisis. The whole German discussion was about the lazy Greeks: push them out. And the lazy Italians: push them out. And we realized in the banking crisis that you can't make eggs out of scrambled eggs again. You know, the eggs are already scrambled.
You can't put the egg back together. This is why my thinking is now, okay, we need to move on. We need to finish the project and build the last bits and pieces, which are the republican structure, the participation of citizens, democracy, and the social fabric around what we already have. That's what the book offers, at least, right? And that is why you can't compare today's European Union with the level of cooperation and association in Asia, because, in a way, we crossed the Rubicon. Yeah. We already, in a way, smashed our states. That is the essential thing to understand. The EU single market has smashed the fabric of each and every EU member state. This is what we need to understand. And therefore, my book raises the question: can any of the current EU member states move out of that mess alone? My answer is no. It's no.
#Pascal
No, no, no, you would need to do it together. That's true. I mean, the only way, the only way to get rid of the European Union is if the current members of the EU came together at the nation-state level and said, "We'll abolish this thing, and now we'll make a treaty among the 27 of us to set up the next structure." But that next structure would then obviously have to take over what comes from the current mess of the EU, because it's a running system. So it would need to take over the system and go on, in a slightly more complex version of what happened when we transitioned from the League of Nations to the United Nations. Something had to happen with the stuff we had from the League, so it was folded into the UN. So you would need to make the new structure and then fold the old one into the new, but with a much better kind of theoretical setup to make sure that we don't create another beast.
#Ulrike Guérot
And still, there is obviously a large body of literature in political science about the difference between a supranational and an international institution. And again, Europe crossed the Rubicon. So if you say, “Back to the nation-state,” the first question is—and I raise it in my questionnaire—do we give up the single market? Do we give up on the euro, right? And then, I mean, Brexit could happen because, although it was already a mess taking the Brits out of the single market, Brexit could never have happened had they been in the euro. Right. So when people talk about leaving the EU in continental Europe today, that means leaving the euro. And I am the last person to defend the current structure of the euro.
I was very emotional about the so-called euro crisis and the chauvinism—the “lazy Greeks” and so on. So that's not what I'm defending. But I am defending the idea that we should first think about whether it's wise today to leave the euro, because it is an instrument of emancipation. And we should remember the idea behind creating the euro, before it became perverted and neoliberal and so on. It was Kissinger, yes: “The dollar is our currency and your problem.” That was in 1972. And then Giscard and Schmidt decided, “Okay, if the dollar is their currency and our problem, perhaps we should do something.” And that is when it all took off, in 1970 already. Pierre Werner was the Luxembourg finance minister who wrote the first sort of draft for a common currency.
And then it came: the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, and then, in 2002, the euro. So it needed 32 years to basically see the world, yeah. But now I would always argue that today, the euro as a currency— which, by the way, does not mean that, under my little European roof, all the little entities couldn't have their own currencies, you know? Today we have regional currencies, like the Chiemgauer in Germany. It's a real little local currency. So I think there would be ways to give the localities, the regions, their own little economic systems if they want to have a little regional currency. But the roof that basically translates from inner Europe to global Europe, yeah, I think must be a reformed euro. Reformed why? Because we obviously need to basically wipe out the debt.
I mean, all this Ukrainian debt is unbearable, so there should be a currency reform. But the real question I ask is: what if we were to give up the euro because we do Dexit, Frexit, and then we kill the monetary union? My argument is that the first currency we get is not the lira, escudo, guilder, or franc back. We get the dollar, because that is what is happening in a more geographic and geostrategic sort of game here. The U.S. is stabilizing the Western Hemisphere from Greenland, which they basically bought now, down to Argentina. And then there's the map I showed in my presentation in Kyoto, where the U.S. is trying to basically bring the western part of Europe into their Western Hemisphere.
Right. And that is the current NATO line from Finland and Sweden down to Turkey. So it means that there is a little western part of Europe today that is hanging into the U.S. hemisphere thing. I do not want this. Yeah. So the U.S. already has the GAFA complex, the dollar complex, and the NATO complex. What we are experiencing as we speak is a merger between the EU and NATO, an ever more authoritarian NATO-EU complex, the Digital Services Act, and so on. And if something happens
in Europe that creates a power vacuum—so, letting go of the currency, Brexit, and so on—my bet would be that the first currency we get in Europe is the dollar. And then there is no longer a way out for European emancipation. That is my point.
#Pascal
That is very likely. I mean, I just want to ask you, though, because to me, the basic flaw of the euro is that you have a common currency across different jurisdictions, and you have a common market, but you have no way of actually compensating the different regions. You have no transfer of funds, right? This is the thing. If you had redistributive mechanisms, it could probably work. But what is happening right now is that everybody is tied to the same currency, which then gives an unfair competitive advantage to those that were already highly industrialized. They then suck resources out of the other regions, and they kill local industry in those regions.
What would happen if they had different currencies is that the currency over here would depreciate, and that would make the stuff over here cheaper and therefore more competitive. You could then build it up, and your industries could compete with each other. In the absence of that, in order not to lose industries in the regions, what you need is a redistributive mechanism, which every single nation-state actually has internally, because you need to have that. Even the United States has it. Switzerland has it. But the eurozone didn't have that, which then leads to this ever-increasing gulf between the industrialized part and the rural part. So in the republic, this would be part and parcel of it, I suppose.
#Ulrike Guérot
Yeah, obviously. I mean, thanks for saying that. This is the first part of the AI analysis. And second, my idea is that we need to lift the regions and bring them into the global value chain of Europe. And that's through infrastructure, essentially. And then we have a totally weird budget system in the European Union. I mean, first, the European budget is still 1.6 percent of European GDP. We always overestimate the European part of the budget. Most of the budget is still national budgets. It's 1.6 percent. But in essence, again, it enhanced the rural-urban divide through basically neoliberal policies and competition, and neglected the regions. And through the single market, we created the populist political problem we have.
And, you know, I was working for Jacques Delors. I've been writing about this for 30 years, you know. I'm going nuts about it, you know. So finally, we could understand it. But the thing is that Jacques Delors already said, "You can't fall in love with a single market." And in political science now, we've developed the term, or the notion, of "market citizens." We are told we are European citizens. The Commission President addresses us as European citizens. We are not European citizens. We are Finnish, Portuguese, whatever—French, German citizens. We are just sharing a market, an economy, and the euro, which means we are market citizens in political science terms.
And that, in a way, is insane. Because, you know, to put it in very simple terms, the single market is nothing other than the denationalization of goods. When we created the single market in the ’80s, we had the Reinheitsgebot for German beer, the Italians with their pasta with or without eggs, Greek feta cheese, and French cognac. Everybody had a national product, saying, “This is exclusively a national product.” And then we created the single market and said, “Look, every good in the single market has equal rights and can and must be sold in any given supermarket.” And since then, we have had cognac in Germany. So that was the single market.
Equality of goods. Then we created one market, one currency, the euro, which also moves without borders throughout the territory of the European Union, right? The only ones who do not have equal rights in the current EU territory are the citizens—us. Because at the end of the day, I'm still Finnish or French or Italian. And, for instance, I'll give you an example. You are a German woman married to a Dutch man, living in Amsterdam. He dies. You move back to Germany. You don't get the Dutch widow's pension, right? You move to France for a job, you become unemployed, and you don't get French unemployment benefits because you're still a German citizen.
There are dozens and dozens, thousands and millions of cases like this. So the only ones who are not benefiting from equal rights are the citizens, starting with voting equality, because all this European Parliament voting is, in a way, totally biased in the sense that it's not one person, one vote. We have this weighted voting between Malta and Germany. We have totally unfair representation. It's not proportional. So there's no legal equality for the citizens. There's no voting equality. At the end of the day, the system, which we call trilogue—you know, a Council with a Parliament with a Commission—cannot work by any democratic standard. So for me, the only question is: can we change this?
#Pascal
Yeah. And that's a big question we will have to work on and answer in the future. We are nearing the end of this interview, but I do think that you are opening very, very important discussions here. And again, for everybody who's watching, Ulrike has her beautiful homepage, Final Europe. You can find it at endlich—E-N-D-L-I-C-H—dash Europa dot EU. And I will put the link to this homepage in the description box below. Do have a look. Be inspired. Think about this. None of us is claiming that we have the magic recipe, but we do have ideas, right? And we share them. And the more we share, the closer we may get to something that might not only be nice, but might also work. Ulrike, the last word goes to you.
#Ulrike Guérot
I would just ask you for a favor. Go back to the website and look for the little jingle. And perhaps, as my parting words, you could play the first few seconds of this jingle, because it's music that a friend
of mine created. And what people will hear is, in 27 languages, “You are a European citizen.” And I like this music because it's funny, you know? And that's the mood I wish we could get back to in Europe.